Production of indicator labels for smart packaging to monitor the quality of bell peppers (Capsicum annuum var. grossum)

Abstract

Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum var. grossum) is available in several types and colors, commonly classified into green, yellow, and red varieties. Red bell peppers represent fully ripened fruit and contain higher levels of vitamin C than other types. However, they are highly perishable. One approach to minimizing quality deterioration is the use of smart packaging. This study aimed to develop a smart packaging indicator that enables consumers to assess the freshness of red bell peppers without damaging the product. The research was conducted in two stages: (1) preparation of the color indicator solution, which was soaked for 24 hours, and (2) application of the indicator to smart packaging. The results showed that bromophenol blue with a 24-hour soaking time produced the best indicator for smart packaging labeling. The applied indicator exhibited visually detectable color changes from yellow to purple. A yellow color indicated fresh red bell peppers, while a shift to yellow-green signaled reduced freshness. A purple color showed that the fruit had begun to rot. These color changes corresponded to variations in several quality parameters, including total acidity, vitamin C, total dissolved solids, and hardness, which are commonly used to evaluate fruit freshness. Overall, the developed indicator demonstrates good potential for use in smart packaging applications.